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材料和实验对象的描述
1.1 实验材料的描述
实验材料可以包括药品和试剂、实验标本、仪器设备等，由于不同生产厂家的产品，尤其是一些重要的化学试剂和一些仪器在含量、纯度或灵敏度等方面的差异可能导致实验结果的不同，因此有必要对重要试剂和仪器的产地和主要性能指标加以说明。
重要仪器须注明其型号、产地、制造商和国家；有些仪器还需介绍它的精确度和操作方法等；如已有文献报道，则只需引出参考文献即可，如：
All ultrasound studies were obtained with a 5 MHz linear-array transducer (General Electric RT 3000).
For our implementation we chose the Vicon1 VC2420-24 1/2 inch CCD camera (768 horizontal by 494 vertical pixels), the Rainbow2 H6×8-Ⅱ manual zoom lens (fl.0 8-48 mm focal length); the Data Translation3 DT3155 monochrome PCI bus frame grabber, and for compatibility with the frame grabber, an IBM PC AT compatible computer with a 90 MHz Pentium processor and PCI bus. ibid 856
药品或实验试剂应分别注明其来源，包括生产厂家、产地及国家，如：
Collagenase and epidermal growth factor were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
Nocodazole and cycloheximide were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company (Poole, Dorset, U.K.).
有些产品需要交待其原溶液浓度、储存温度或使用浓度，必要时还需说明其成分、规格/型号、纯度、配制方法和过程等，如：
The ddI, manufactured by Ben Venue Laboratories (Bedford, Ohio) was supplied as a sterile, freeze-dried power and was reconstituted with 0.9 percent sodium chloride to a solution containing 64 mmol of ddI per liter (15 mg per milliliter). Up to a seven-day supply was maintained at 4 ℃ until use.
对于一些临床检查和治疗用药则应写明应用剂量、次数、给药方法及总量等。
Dexamethasone, 20 mg, was administered orally 12 and 6 h prior to infusion of PAC. Clemastine, 2 mg, and cimetidine, 30 mg, were given as an intravenous bolus injection 30 min prior to PAC. PAC was dissolved in 500 ml 5% glucose and administered as a continuous infusion over 3 h with in-line filtration using cellulose acetate filters.
值得注意的是，在描述化学试剂时应尽量避免使用其商品名，以免有商业广告的嫌疑；但当不同生产商的相同产品有着相当大的差异时，则宜使用商品名(首字母须大写，如Teflon)，并用括号注明厂家名称。
对于细胞的描述更应谨慎。下面是著名杂志In Vitro在作者须知中对细胞描述的要求，现摘录出来供大家参考：
Cell line data: The source of cells utilized, species, sex, strain, race, age of donor, whether primary or established, must be clearly indicated. The supplier name, city, and state abbreviation should be stated with parenthesis when first cited. Specific tests used for verification of purported origin, donor traits, and detection for the presence of microbial agents should be identified. Specific tests should be performed on cell culture substrates for the presence of mycoplasmal contamination by using both a direct agar culture and an indirect staining or biochemical procedure. A brief description or a proper reference citation of the procedure used must be included. If these tests were not performed, this fact should be clearly stated in the Materials and Methods section. Other data relating to unique biological, biochemical and/or immunological markers should also be included if available.
1.2 实验对象的描述
实验对象在这里主要指实验动物和病人及健康受试者。
1.2.1 实验动物的描述 实验动物的描述一般包括种类、品系、年龄、体质量、分组、处理方法等，根据需要也可述及饲养条件及饲料种类，如：
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (Taconic Farms, Germantown, NY) were housed three per cage in a temperature-controlled room (20~21 ℃) with a 12:12-h light-dark cycle.β-GPA was synthesized from b-alanine and cyanamide laboratory chow. Food containingβ-GPA and water were provided ad libitum for the number of weeks indicated for each series of experiments. Control animals received the same diet but with no b-GPA. In situ stimulation of the lower hind limb was performed as previously described on pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats. All procedures were approved by the SUNY Health Science Center Committee for the Humane Use of Animals.
Sixty adult Sprague-Dawley rats/Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 180 to 300 g/150-250 g were randomized into 4 groups with 15 rats in each group (Tab.1). (Department of Laboratory Animals, Shanghai Medical University).
Random bred male slc: mice aged about 3 months purchased from (厂家，国家名等) were maintained on a commercial diet and tap water ad libitum.
1.2.2 对病人等的描述 如果实验对象是病人或正常人，需述及其一般状况(性别、年龄、体质量、分组和收治时间等)和入选标准(有时可以很复杂，须提供病人的各项检查指标和既往服药史等)，必须明确说明本实验控制因素以外的其他因素不会对实验结果的可靠性造成影响。如涉及地方病，还应加上种族、籍贯或居住地及职业等资料。另外，英文稿件中需要格外注意，研究不能超越普遍认同的医学伦理，最好加以说明，如：
Sixty-three healthy adults [48 men and 15 women, aged 42±16 yr (mean±SD), range 20~81 yr], and 47 patients with biopsy-proven posthepatitic cirrhosis (38 men and nine women, aged 55 ±7 yr, range 32~69 yr) were studied. Informed written consent was obtained from each patients. Patients were classified into three stages according to Child's grading[22] based on clinical status on admission, and they were classified as Child's C patients according to a single worst criterion albumin < 3 g/dl, bilirubin >/=3 mg/dl, massive ascites, or hepatic encephalopathy). Table l contains clinical and laboratory data of the patients.
Fifty-four healthy African American subjects and 32 African American patients with AD were studied.
1.2.3 实验对象分组的表达 表达实验对象的分组时，应实事求是地说明分组的随机性。可参考使用以下常用词和句型：
... be (randomly) (sub)divided/ categorized separated/ allocated/separated into ... groups; ... be randomized into ... groups. /The groups were as follows ....
下面举一些使用以上结构的具体例子：
Twenty-four healthy, mature lactating women were divided evenly into three groups on the basis of postpartum time: 1, 5, or 12 months. Each woman was given a controlled protein diet of either 1.5 (HP) or 1.0 (MP) g/kg body weight/day for 7 to 10 days.
Each group was further randomly subdivided into 2 groups of 10 animals for the hemodynamic and hormonal studies.
The patients were categorized into groups: group A --5 patients with successful reperfusion within 6 h after the onset of infarction; group B -- 6 patients with late patency of the infarct-related coronary artery; group C -- 6 patients with ....
The prognostic scoring system separated the patients into 5 distinct groups.
Forty adult mongrel dogs were equally divided into four groups: ….
The patients were randomized into three groups. (randomized = randomly divided)
Thirty patients with a plaque type of PPP were allocated into two groups: Group A (19 patients) were treated with 6% crude coal tar oinment and Group B (11 patients) were treated with petrolatum and salicylic acid.
25 piglets were randomly allocated to one of four groups: OCCPR with normal saline (n=5); OCCPR with sodium bicarbonate (n=7); OCCPR with Tris buffer mixture (N = 7); and a totally untreated control group (n= 6).
2 方法的描述
实验方法多种多样，往往可以按操作的先后顺序逐一描述。方法的描述应文字简练，有人认为应当象烹饪手册，既清清楚楚又用字不多，保证其他有一定经验的人看后可以准确地重复实验。对于标准的操作，仅提及操作名称即可；对于经过改进的操作、方法，只需要着重描述改进的部分。对于新方法，那就必须如实一一描述了。方法中亦可引用文献，尤其是在著名杂志上发表的文献，但要保证查得到；英文文章中引用中文文献(尤其是没有英文摘要或国外几乎看不到的文章)，似乎就不很合适，我们建议，这种情况下还是要对方法进行简单的描述。这也是国外一些杂志编辑的看法。
叙述方法常会用到以下几个词：carry out, conduct, develop, do, make, perform, operate, receive, undergo, had 等，如下面的例子：
Hyperthermia was carried out using a novel water-filtered, infrared -A radiation technique.
A prospective study was done on 76 patients who underwent ....
Ligation of the common carotid artery was done in one patient, ....
Clinical evaluations were made on the 14 patients including 4 with pharyngitis, 7 with tonsillitis, ....
Fifty-eight operations were performed in 15 men and 7 women.
A group of 98 adult patients suffering from hydrocephalus were operated on using ....
All patients received satisfactory anesthesia for operation.
... patients underwent operations and there were no operative deaths.
Among the 62 survivors, 18 had another operation.
This follow-up study was begun in June 1992
语言的差异经常使方法的叙述变得困难。需要注意的是，叙述方法时应尽量避免使用祈使句(这一点就和烹饪手册有所不同)，因为从时态上讲，方法部分的主导时态为过去时，也就是说是在记叙(narration)过程而不是简单的解释说明(exposition)。用祈使句来完成记叙的目的显然是不合适的。另外，作者必须对国外文献中对各种方法的描述有一定认识，因为有时逐字逐句的汉译英会让人不知所云。下面我们就举一些常见方法的英文表达供大家参考。
2.1 用药方式、部位、剂量、时间及其后有关步骤的表达
Rats were subcutaneously injected at the cerficodorsal part with soman at a dose of 0.84 mg/kg body weight. Fifteen to thirty minutes later 5 μl of 125I-alpha-BTX was injected into musculus extensor digitorum longus (MEDL). Ninety minutes after the injection the MEDL was cut out and fixed in 2590 glutaraldehyde. Then the muscle fibers were isolated and washed. AChE within the motor end plates was directly stained with the method described by Karnovsky et al[12].
2.2 组织标本的固定、包埋、切片、染色、脱蜡、脱水、冲洗、孵化等程序或步骤的表达
The tissues were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, serially sectioned at 5 μm, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). The sections were stained by avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method for HBxAg and by peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method for HBsAg and HBcAg. Briefly, the sections were deparaffinized in xylene, rehydrated in graded alcohols, washed in distilled water for 5 min, and incubated in 0.3% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in methanol in order to block endogenous peroxidase activity at room temperature for 30 min. Then the sections were washed in 0.01 mol/L, pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 10 min, changed two times, and incubated in diluted normal rabbit or goat serum (depending on the species of the secondary antibody) to diminish non-specific background staining at 37 ℃ or at room temperature for 30 min. The serum was blotted away from the sections, which had been treated with the primary antiserum (first antibody) at 4 ℃ overnight. After being washed in PBS, the linking antibodies (secondary antibody) were applied and incubated at 37 ℃ for 30 min. Then the ABC or PAP method was used by incubating the sections for 30~40 min after being washed in PBS. And then, after another washing, the sections were treated with 0.05% diaminobenzidine (DAB) in 0.1 mol/L, pH7.6 Tris-HCl buffer, containing 0.05% H2O2, for 3~5 min. After being washed in distilled water, the sections were counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin, dehydrated in graded alcohols, cleared in xylene and mounted in the permount (synthetic mounting medium).
2.3 抗体的使用和制备
The primary antibodies including goat anti-HBcAg antibodies (Histogen PAP kits, Biogenes Laboratory) were used for staining. The rabbit anti-HBxAg antibody was prepared by Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia. The ABC kit was purchased from Vector Laboratories.
2.4 标本的获取或细胞的分离
Surgical specimens with pathological diagnoses were obtained directly from the operating room. The apparently normal tissues were removed, the remaining tumor tissues was minced, and the cells dissociated in RPMI 1640 (without serum) with 0.01% hyaluronidase typeⅤ(1 500 U/g), 0.1% collagenase type Ⅳ (200 U/g), and 0.002% deoxyribonuclease type I (100 U/g) (Sigma, USA) at 37 ℃. The cell mixture was then filtered through 4-layer gauze, washed twice in Hanks', and separated on Ficoll-Hypaque (Shanghai 2nd Chemical Reagent Factory) at 900×g for 20 min. Finally the cells were harvested, counted and either incubated, cryopreserved or used as fresh effectors for cytotoxic assays.
2.5 细胞培养和扩增
Cell suspensions containing both TIL and tumor cells were extensively washed and resuspended at a final concentration of 1×106 lymphocytes/ml in complete medium containing 15% human AB serum, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 U/ml streptomycin in RPMI 1640 (Nissui, Japan). The final concentration of recombinant interleukin-2, Shionogi, Japan) was 1000 U/ml. After 6~8 d in culture, cytotoxicity against tumor targets was determined with a standard 51Cr-release assay. Meanwhile, lymphoid cells were counted every 5~4 d, and the cultures were split when the concentration of lymphoid cells reached or exceeded 2×106 /ml.
Anip 973 (human lung adenocarcinoma cell line) and K562 (NK-sensitive erythroleukemia cell line) were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 15% FCS. SCG 7921 (human gastroma cell line) was grown subcutaneously in nude mice; for use as targets, single cell suspensions were isolated following the procedure used for TIL. Fresh ovarian carcinoma cells were obtained from malignant ascites resulting from ovarian carcinoma metastasis.
2.6 其它检查步骤的表达
For the assessment of specific staining, the following control examinations were carried out: (1)The known positive sections were provided by repeated stainings; (2)The specific antibody was replaced by the normal serum; (3)The negative sections from human normal liver tissues were stained; (4)The specific antibody (anti-HBx) was blocked by purified antigen.
2.7 对PCR技术的描述
Reactions were carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions (BRLcDNA kit 8085SB and Perkin Elmer Cetus PCR kit N801-0055). Thirty cycles of PCR were carried out on all samples as follows: denaturation for 1 min at 94 ℃, annealing of primers for 2 min at 37℃, and extension for 3 min at 72 ℃.
PCR products were analyzed on 1.8% alkaline agarose gels, blotted onto "Zeta" probe paper (BioRad), and hybridized to a phosphorus-32-labelled nick translated HCV cDNA insert which lies between, but not including, the cDNA/PCR primers. The blots were washed in 0.1×SSC (1×SSC=0.15 mol/L sodium chloride, 0.015 mol/L sodium citrate), 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate at 68 ℃, and autoradiographed. All samples were assayed at least three times with reproducible results and no false-positive results in the control samples. The Lancet 1990/2; 335(8680): 2
In addition, an oligonucleotide primer corresponding to the normal sequence of the opposite strand upstream of codon 6 was used to prime the opposite strand: this primer, which was not conjugate to any fluorophore, had the sequence 5'-GTACG ... A-3'. The mixture was heated to 95℃ for 5 min, cooled on ice, and 5 units of Taq polymerase was added. The reaction was taken through 35 cycles; each cycle consisted of 95 ℃ for 30 s (denaturation), 50 ℃ for 30 s (annealing), and 68 ℃ for 30 s (extension).
3 统计部分的语言表达
在研究论文的方法一节里，应有关于所用统计方法的叙述。统计方法首先要正确，得出的结论才会有效。这里不再赘述怎样进行统计学处理，而只是通过一些实例让读者体会英文中统计学方法的描述。
Results are given as Mean±SD. Comparisons were made by analysis of variance and correlations were examined using the linear regression analysis. Probability values <0.05 were considered significant.
Results are expressed as Mean±SEM. Comparisons among the means of nutritional parameters, liver function tests, and fatty acid concentrations of the four groups studied were assessed by one-way analysis of variance and a posteriori Scheffe test26.
Comparison between the groups were made by paired and non-paired student's t-test was made by analysis of variance and Scheffe's method. The differences were considered to be significant at P<0.05. The mean±standard deviation was calculated for each group.
Data sheets were collected daily. Changes in certainty between initial and final diagnostic impression within groups were analyzed by a paired t-test. Differences in certainty between groups were compared with a Wilcoxon test. Deviation from standard workup, differences in initial and final diagnostic impression, and admission rate (as a gauge of severity of cases) were assessed with aΧ2 test. A significance level of P<0.05 was used, and a Bonferroni correction was made for multiple comparisons.
材料和方法部分是体现论文科学性的重要一环，是实验可重复性的主要依据，因此，应格外重视这一环节的写作。
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